Unhealthy habits such as heavy alcohol use, smoking, anabolic steroid use, and illicit drug use. Use of certain medications and supplements. Cancer treatment involving the use of certain types of chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery to remove one or both testicles Medical conditions such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, certain types of autoimmune disorders, and certain types of infections may cause testicular failure. Hormonal disorders Improper function of the hypothalamus or pituitary glands.
The hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain produce hormones that maintain normal testicular function. Production of too much prolactin, a hormone made by the pituitary gland often due to the presence of a benign pituitary gland tumor , or other conditions that damage or impair the function of the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland may result in low or no sperm production.
Although advanced age plays a much more important role in predicting female infertility, couples in which the male partner is 40 years old or older are more likely to report difficulty conceiving. Being overweight or obese.
Excessive alcohol use. Use of marijuana. Exposure to testosterone. This may occur when a doctor prescribes testosterone injections, implants, or topical gel for low testosterone, or when a man takes testosterone or similar medications illicitly for the purposes of increasing their muscle mass.
Exposure to radiation. Frequent exposure of the testes to high temperatures, such as that which may occur in men confined to a wheelchair, or through frequent sauna or hot tub use. Exposure to certain medications such as flutamide, cyproterone, bicalutamide, spironolactone, ketoconazole, or cimetidine. Exposure to environmental toxins including exposure to pesticides, lead, cadmium, or mercury. What causes infertility in women?
Some women with PCOS have elevated levels of testosterone, which can cause acne and excess hair growth. PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility.
Diminished ovarian reserve external icon DOR. Women are born with all of the eggs that they will ever have, and the number of eggs declines naturally over time. Diminished ovarian reserve is a condition in which there are fewer eggs remaining in the ovaries than expected for a given age.
It may occur due to congenital, medical, surgical, or unexplained causes. Women with diminished ovarian reserve may be able to conceive naturally but will produce fewer eggs in response to fertility treatments. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea FHA. FHA is a condition caused by excessive exercise, weight loss, stress, or often a combination of these factors.
It is sometimes associated with eating disorders such as anorexia. Improper function of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands. The hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain produce hormones that maintain normal ovarian function.
Production of too much of the hormone prolactin by the pituitary gland often as the result of a benign pituitary gland tumor , or improper function of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, may cause a woman not to ovulate.
Premature ovarian insufficiency external icon POI. Although certain exposures, such as chemotherapy or pelvic radiation therapy, and certain medical conditions may cause POI, the cause is often unexplained. Menopause external icon. Menopause is an age-appropriate decline in ovarian function that usually occurs around age By definition, a woman in menopause has not had a period for at least one year.
She may experience hot flashes, mood changes, difficulty sleeping, and other symptoms as well. Fallopian tube obstruction whether fallopian tubes are open, blocked, or swollen Risk factors for blocked fallopian tubes external icon tubal occlusion can include a history of pelvic infection, history of ruptured appendicitis, history of gonorrhea or chlamydia , known endometriosis external icon , or a history of abdominal surgery.
Hysterosalpingogram is an X-ray of the uterus and fallopian tubes. A radiologist injects dye into the uterus through the cervix and simultaneously takes X-ray pictures to see if the dye moves freely through fallopian tubes. This helps evaluate tubal caliber diameter and patency.
Chromopertubation is similar to an HSG but is done in the operating room at the time of a laparoscopy. Blue-colored dye is passed through the cervix into the uterus and spillage and tubal caliber shape is evaluated. What increases a woman's risk of infertility? Find a Surrogate in CT. CT Surrogacy Professionals. Surrogacy in Stamford. Surrogacy in New Haven. Surrogacy in Hartford. Surrogacy in Bridgeport. Surrogacy in Waterbury. Surrogacy in Delaware. Delaware Surrogacy Laws.
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In women, the first step is to find out if she is ovulating each month. There are a few ways to do this. A woman can track her ovulation at home by:. Doctors can also check ovulation with blood tests. Or they can do an ultrasound of the ovaries. If ovulation is normal, there are other fertility tests available. Finding the cause of infertility can be a long and emotional process. It may take time to complete all the needed tests.
So don't worry if the problem is not found right away. Infertility can be treated with medicine , surgery, artificial insemination , or assisted reproductive technology. Many times these treatments are combined. In most cases infertility is treated with drugs or surgery. A number of fertility medicines are used to treat women with ovulation problems.
It is important to talk with your doctor about the pros and cons of these medicines. You should understand the possible dangers, benefits, and side effects. Many fertility drugs increase a woman's chance of having twins, triplets, or other multiples. Women who are pregnant with multiple fetuses have more problems during pregnancy. Multiple fetuses have a high risk of being born too early prematurely. Premature babies are at a higher risk of health and developmental problems.
Intrauterine insemination IUI is an infertility treatment that is often called artificial insemination. In this procedure, the woman is injected with specially prepared sperm.
Sometimes the woman is also treated with medicines that stimulate ovulation before IUI. Assisted reproductive technology ART is a group of different methods used to help infertile couples. ART works by removing eggs from a woman's body. The eggs are then mixed with sperm to make embryos. The embryos are then put back in the woman's body.
Success rates vary and depend on many factors. Some things that affect the success rate of ART include:. The U.
ART can be expensive and time-consuming. But it has allowed many couples to have children that otherwise would not have been conceived. The most common complication of ART is multiple fetuses. But this is a problem that can be prevented or minimized in several different ways. ART procedures sometimes involve the use of donor eggs eggs from another woman , donor sperm, or previously frozen embryos. Donor eggs are sometimes used for women who can not produce eggs. Also, donor eggs or donor sperm is sometimes used when the woman or man has a genetic disease that can be passed on to the baby.
An infertile woman or couple may also use donor embryos. These are embryos that were either created by couples in infertility treatment or were created from donor sperm and donor eggs. The donated embryo is transferred to the uterus.
The child will not be genetically related to either parent. Women with no eggs or unhealthy eggs might also want to consider surrogacy. A surrogate is a woman who agrees to become pregnant using the man's sperm and her own egg. The child will be genetically related to the surrogate and the male partner. After birth, the surrogate will give up the baby for adoption by the parents. Women with ovaries but no uterus may be able to use a gestational carrier.
This may also be an option for women who shouldn't become pregnant because of a serious health problem. In this case, a woman uses her own egg. It is fertilized by the man's sperm and the embryo is placed inside the carrier's uterus. Hysteroscopy During a hysteroscopy, your provider uses a thin, lighted instrument hysteroscope to view the inside of your uterus.
Hysterosonography Open pop-up dialog box Close. Hysterosonography During hysterosonography his-tur-o-suh-NOG-ruh-fee , your doctor uses a thin, flexible tube catheter to inject salt water saline into the hollow part of your uterus. In vitro fertilization Open pop-up dialog box Close.
In vitro fertilization During in vitro fertilization, eggs are removed from mature follicles within an ovary A. Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic. Share on: Facebook Twitter. Show references Infertility: An overview — A guide for patients. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Accessed April 4, Jameson JL, et al. Female infertility: Evaluation and management.
In: Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; Accessed April 27, Clinical management of male infertility. Accessed March 25, Wein AJ, et al. Male infertility. In: Campbell-Walsh Urology. Philadelphia, Pa. Accessed May 5, Frequently asked questions. Gynecologic problems FAQ Treating infertility. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Infertility FAQs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed May 2, Kuohung W, et al.
Overview of infertility.
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