Explanation: Multiple sources within the same parenthetical citation should be listed alphabetically by author. Separate each citation with a semicolon. Smith, c Explanation: For works with the same author written in the same year should include a letter after the date.
Begin with the letter "a" and continue with "b", "c," etc. Citing Secondary Source? Explanation: Use sparingly!! Secondary sources should only be used when the original source or primary source cannot be located. The original work should be named in the body of your paper.
In parentheses begin with "as cited in". Then, add the last name of the author of the secondary source followed by the year of publication. Be sure to include a comma between the author's name and the publication date. End with a period if at the end of a sentence. Report a problem. Tags: APA. Smith stated these facts, too. This fact has been stated Smith, This book is true Long, Citing entire website — put URL.
This has evidence www. Quote from website — use paragraph number. More than one author with same last name. Smith If the abbreviation comes before a parenthetical citation, separate the abbreviation from the citation with a semi-colon ; :. If you are citing a work with no publication date, use the abbreviation for "no date" in place of the year of publication.
If the work has a more detailed date than just the year for instance, a newspaper article reference might include the month and day , include only the year in the in-text citation. To cite a specific part of a text within your in-text citation, include information that would identify that portion of the work alongside the usual author-date citation.
This might be a page range, a foreword or chapter from an authored book, the appendix of a report—whatever specific portion you would like to highlight. If a work has no page numbers, you will need to help the reader find the relevant section of the cited work using a different method: paragraph number, section name, time stamp, or a combination of those. What you use depends on what is available in the work you are citing.
Your reference list should contain an entry for the entire work, not just the portion you are citing. If the section title is long, you can abbreviate it to the first few words.
Enclose the shortened section title in quotation marks. To cite a specific kind of section e. See here for more examples. To quote from an audiovisual work, include a time stamp for the point where the quotation begins. Some classic works like Shakespeare's works or the Bible use a numbering system that is consistent across editions, and when citing specific portions it can be more helpful to use that system than to give page numbers, e.
See the APA Style website for more information about works with canonically numbered sections. Narrative citations can be in any order. To include multiple parenthetical citations for the same idea, fold the references into the same set of parentheses, separated with a semi-colon. Place the works in the order they appear in the reference list , which is usually alphabetically by first author. If including two works with the same author or first author but different dates, give the author only once, and list the dates in chronological author.
Please note that you do not need to include an exhaustive list, and too many citations can be visually disruptive for a reader. Include only the citations you need to support your work.
What counts as an appropriate level of citation depends on the context, but see this APA Style post for more information. If you would like to highlight one particularly important work out of several, give that citation first, followed by an introductory phrase such as "see also" , and then the rest of the citations.
You might do this to point out the most relevant, recent, or highly regarded source. Gemmill et al. To make sure each work has its own in-text citation, add a lower-case letter to the year in your reference list. The same letter will be added to the year in your in-text citation each time you want to cite that source:. If you're citing something with a more specific date, the letter still attaches to the year.
If the work has no publication date, the letter attaches to the abbreviation for "no date" in place of the year but include a hyphen before the appended letter. Caro, J. The greatest gifts I received from my father. The Sydney Morning Herald. Beyond Blue. Our history. If you are citing works by two different authors who have the same family name and different first initials, include their first initials in your in-text citations—even if the publication dates are different.
If two authors with the same family name are cited in the same work, there is no need to include their initials. If the two different authors have the same first initials, reference their works using the standard author-date format, the same way you would if they were the same person. Only include extra information if not doing so would be confusing.
For instance, if you are discussing their opinions as two sides of an issue, or reviewing the body of work each author has contributed to the field. In that case, include the full first name of each author in your in-text citation. In APA 7th edition, only the first author is included in your in-text citation if there are three or more authors. This is true even if the other authors are different.
However, if the rules for creating an in-text citation have given you the same in-text citations for two works with multiple authors, add as many of the other authors as you must to uniquely identify the works. Use the same citation every time it appears in your text. These findings were corroborated by Kong, Webb, and Sheridan Citing content you found in one source that is originally from another source e. Usually you want to avoid doing this: it is better to find the original source, read it, and cite that.
APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following guidelines to determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text. For more information on citing works by multiple authors see the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines page on in-text citation. Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.
If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results. Using In-text Citation Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source.
Example paragraph with in-text citation A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech Derwing et al. References Derwing, T. Citing Web Pages In Text Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if known. Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages. Web page with author: In-text citation Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders in teens Asmelash, Reference entry Asmelash, L.
Page numbers are not used in Bible citations. Yes, in the 7th edition of APA Style , versions of the Bible are treated much like other books ; you should include the edition you used in your reference list. Previously, in the 6th edition of the APA manual, it was recommended to just use in-text citations to refer to the Bible, and omit it from the reference list. To make it easy for the reader to find the YouTube video , in APA Style you list the person or organization who uploaded the video as the author in your reference entry and in-text citation.
When you need to highlight a specific moment in a video or audio source, APA Style recommends using a timestamp in your in-text citation. To include a direct quote in APA , follow these rules:. A list of tables and list of figures appear in that order after your table of contents, and are presented in a similar way.
Copyright information can usually be found wherever the table or figure was published. Images found on sites like Flickr are listed with clear copyright information.
If you find that permission is required to reproduce the material, be sure to contact the author or publisher and ask for it. If you adapt or reproduce a table or figure from another source, you should include that source in your APA reference list. You should also include copyright information in the note for the table or figure, and include an in-text citation when you refer to it. Tables and figures you created yourself, based on your own data, are not included in the reference list.
Parenthetical citation: Brown, , as cited in Mahone, Narrative citation: Brown , as cited in Mahone, states that…. On the reference page , you only include the secondary source Mahone, Read more about alphabetizing the APA reference page. If the author of a work is unknown, order the reference by its title. Yes, if relevant you can and should include APA citations in your appendices. Use author-date citations as you do in the main text. Any sources cited in your appendices should appear in your reference list.
Do not create a separate reference list for your appendices. Something is only worth including as an appendix if you refer to information from it at some point in the text e. You should also acknowledge the original source in the note or caption for the table or figure. A list of tables and list of figures appear in that order after your table of contents , and are presented in a similar way.
This is often the case when you need to communicate a large amount of information. If the data you need to present only contains a few relevant numbers, try summarizing it in the text potentially including full data in an appendix. If describing the data makes your text overly long and difficult to read, a table or figure may be the best option.
In an APA Style paper , the abstract is placed on a separate page after the title page page 2. An APA abstract is around — words long. In APA Style , all sources that are not retrievable for the reader are cited as personal communications. Common examples include conversations, emails, messages, letters, and unrecorded interviews or performances.
Interviews you conducted yourself are not included in your reference list , but instead cited in the text as personal communications. Published or recorded interviews are included in the reference list. Cite them in the usual format of the source type for example, a newspaper article , website or YouTube video.
Dorsey, J. To cite content from social media that is not publicly accessible e. James, Twitter direct message, March 25, When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your in-text citation. If there are no page numbers e. Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable. When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.
When no author at all can be determined—e. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list.
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