Capstone is a six-week course is designed for newly selected one-star officers. There, they study how to organize joint task forces, deploy them and withdraw them. During that time, they attend seminars, review case studies and participate in informal discussions with two and three-star officers and others with joint task force experience.
A team of active-duty and reserve public-affairs specialists coach the officers through a series of simulated early morning talk shows, remote satellite interviews in the field and even press conferences.
Over the past five years, the studio has taped more than such videos about simulated combat operations, aircraft crashes and ships sinking, explained Paul Stoecker, a studio systems engineer. Just like the real thing, he said, the commanders are subjected to tough questions, such as what went wrong and why.
Some have to be ordered by their superior officers to do them. The JTASC, which opened in , is a , square-foot, state-of-the-art modeling and simulation facility that is used for computer wargaming.
To help improve the quality of its modeling and simulation, the command in partnered with Old Dominion University, the commonwealth of Virginia and the city of Suffolk to establish the Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulations Center. Bowen Loftin. It has laboratories specializing in constructive modeling, human-factors engineering and virtual environments.
It was created in as part of the first unified combatant command. Known then as the U. Atlantic Command, its mission during the Cold War was to guard the sea lanes between Europe and the U.
East Coast. In , the Atlantic Command was given responsibility for training all of U. To reflect this mission, its name in was changed to the U. Joint Command. Northern Command as part of an effort to strengthen homeland security. Special Operations Command was established in Edmund P. Giambastiani Jr. Marine Corps Forces Atlantic, headquartered in Norfolk, composed on 41, active-duty and 40, reserve Marines, with aircraft.
To increase the ability of these forces to train together, the Defense Department plans, within two years, to establish a joint national training center. It will link existing service training facilities, such as Fort Irwin, Calif. It consists of personnel from 17 countries and a standing, multinational naval force of six to 10 ships. The new command, also to be headquartered in Norfolk, is intended to lead efforts to modernize NATO forces. In particular, said the supreme allied commander Atlantic, Adm.
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As chief advocate for jointness, USJFCOM maximized the nation's future and present military capabilities through joint concept development and experimentation, recommending joint requirements, advancing interoperability, conducting joint training and providing ready continental US-based forces and capabilities to support other combatant commanders-in-chief, the Atlantic Theater and domestic requirements.
Such work included and strengthened Service efforts, drawing on the best of industry, and following the will of the citizens as expressed through Congress. New ideas for future warfare had to be validated in practical experiments.
Some things could be evaluated by computer-driven modeling and simulation, but sooner or later, new operational measures had to be tried in the air, at sea, and on the ground. Although the threat in the region was low, the political and economic importance of the Transatlantic link remained vital. Iceland, Greenland, the Azores, and Bermuda constituted vital ground. The Atlantic sea lanes and air lanes were always crowded with traffic crucial to the well being of many countries.
During the peace that followed World War II, the military applied lessons learned from the war, adopting a new system of organization under a single secretary of defense. The system established the US Air Force, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and new commands made up of components from more than one military service. These new multi-service or unified commands had broad, continuing missions and were intended to ensure that forces from the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps would all work together.
The unified commands were either responsible for a geographical area like Europe or the Pacific or a specific function, such as transportation.
Cooperation with NATO enabled the Command to form a coalition of strategically located bases and operational forces in the North Atlantic that could provide continuous protection and surveillance operations throughout the Cold War.
Additionally, because of the dangers of Soviet air attack, the Command maintained a line of radar stations from Greenland, through Iceland, to the United Kingdom.
In addition, the Command had been tasked with unique responsibilities. As Cold War tensions mounted at the end of the 's and nuclear missile silos were built across the country, USLANTCOM acquired operational management of the nation's newly-formed underwater nuclear arsenal. The Navy established stewardship of a portion of America's nuclear weapons in the late 's after accelerated development of the Polaris missile, a submarine-launched intermediate range ballistic missile.
For most of the 20th Century, the US had used bases in Cuba and Puerto Rico to maintain a constant force in an area that was critical to the country's security and shipping. Not informed of the invasion until the last moment, the Command's leaders made what they considered to be the best possible decisions for a mission they felt was flawed.
The command shifted naval forces and a battalion of Marines to an area that might influence the invasion, but did not participate. In the end, forces from the Command helped evacuate remaining rebel Cubans who had not been captured by Castro's government. Kennedy ordered the Command to form a mile "quarantine" to interdict all ships entering Cuban waters. Concurrently the command prepared amphibious forces for a possible invasion. From 22 to 28 October , the Command's naval forces engaged the Soviets in a tense confrontation at sea, backed by land and air forces of each nation.
After Soviet withdrawal of its missiles from Cuba, tensions diminished and both sides stood down. Although the problem of a communist nation in the Caribbean was never solved, tensions in the region had not reached the same level of confrontation by the end of the millennia.
To ensure the civil war in the Dominican Republic would not lead to another communist-ruled Soviet satellite in the Caribbean, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered Atlantic Command forces to intervene. Once established in the capital city of Santo Domingo, US forces separated the 2 warring factions and then consolidated control over the city.
Separating the left and the right wing groups was successful, but not easy. Until order was restored, US forces were frequently caught in the middle of fighting that claimed 27 Americans lives. After about a week, US presence proved effective. A cease-fire was declared. Over the next year, US forces remained in the Dominican Republic to maintain stability. The election of a new president in June ensured the Dominican Republic completed the transition to a democratic government.
After the election, all US forces withdrew from Santo Domingo. Given the technology of the time, the only method of spacecraft recovery was to allow the ocean to absorb the impact of landing, and then use pre-positioned ships to recover the capsule. As the space program gained momentum with the safe launch and recovery of Mercury astronauts in the early 's, NASA support became an historic mission for the Command.
The conflict in Vietnam from the mids through early s, dominated American military attention. Ships, personnel and resources from the Command were shifted to the Pacific Ocean to meet US operational commitments. Growing unpopularity translated into major problems, like reduced congressional support for defense spending and difficulty attracting and keeping quality people in uniform. Soviet ballistic missile submarines added to the urgency of US anti-submarine warfare efforts.
In retrospect, the Soviet naval expansion lacked critical elements, including the economic infrastructure for sustained expansion. At the time, however, the threat cast a shadow over American ability to reinforce Europe in the event of a war. Maneuvers in sub-Arctic waters taxed the endurance of ships and people, a constant challenge to Atlantic Command leaders.
Modernization efforts begun under President Jimmy Carter's administration continued through President Ronald Reagan's administration as the Navy developed its operational plans, manning and equipment to counter the Soviet threat.
When militant communists in Grenada staged a coup, installing up their own government in October of , the US was alarmed that another Communist bastion was evolving just miles from American shores. Believing the new communist government was not legitimate and fearing for the safety of American students on the island, President Ronald Reagan ordered military intervention to stop consolidation of the new regime.
Norman Schwarzkopf as ground operations adviser, invaded Grenada on 25 October
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