Moreover, we employed metaproteomics to investigate the influence of environmental factors and nutrients on the decomposer structure and function during beech litter decomposition. Litter was collected at forest sites in Austria with different litter nutrient content.
Mass spectra were assigned to phylogenetic and functional groups by a newly developed bioinformatics workflow, assignments being validated by complementary approaches.
Three of the sampled fields are referred to as recently abandoned fields, since they have been abandoned from agricultural practices for 5—9 years. The other field sites have been abandoned for 29—32 years and are therefore referred to as long-term abandoned fields. Details of these study sites are given in Table 1. Soil sampling took place in October by collecting eight soil samples 10 cm deep, 6 cm diameter per ex-arable field.
Soil samples were taken at least 20 m from the edge of a field, and at least 10 m apart. Aboveground vegetation was removed prior to transportation. TABLE 1. Overview of ex-arable field sites where soil samples were taken, including information on the exact location, land abandonment stage and time of abandonment of agricultural practices.
In the summer of , ten soil cores 12 cm diameter, 20 cm deep were collected per field site, including standing vegetation.
Nine of those cores were transported to the laboratory and labeled with The remaining core served as a non-labeled control core. The labeled plant material was used as a 13 C-labeled substrate in the incubation experiment see below and is further referred to as 13 C-labeled litter.
Soil samples were sieved 2 mm to remove roots and stones and subsequently pooled into one composite soil sample per field site. For each of the six field sites, a total of 30 glass bottles of ml were filled with an equivalent of 50 g of dry weight soil.
Three out of every five bottles were supplemented with 0. The bottles were closed with a cotton ball to avoid contamination, while permitting gas exchange and incubated in the dark at One-sixth of all bottles was destructively sampled at each of the following time points: 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Per field site, this corresponded to three labeled samples technical replicates , plus a positive and negative control sample.
During the entire experimental period of 56 days, 13 CO 2 flux measurements were taken. The 30 bottles that were harvested on day 56 were subjected to gas sampling throughout the entire experiment. On day 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 55 because of destructive sampling on day 56 , the cotton balls were removed from the bottles and subsequently closed with a lid with a rubber septum. The headspace air pressure-drop was compensated by injecting 15 ml of N 2 gas.
A total number of 24 PLFA biomarkers were used to study soil microbial community composition and to calculate total microbial biomass. Within 24 h of sampling, soil samples were extracted with ml 0. Samples were shaken for 1 h at rpm on a rotary shaker Laboshake, Gerhardt, Germany.
Samples were centrifuged for 4 min at rpm Megafuge 1. Results were analyzed using R version 3. To visualize the sequential order of microbial groups throughout the first stages of litter decomposition, the excess amount of 13 C in different microbial groups was normalized over time using the following formula:. Absolute value transformation was applied to meet homogeneity and normality requirements. Comparison of all control samples no litter addition based on abundance of phospholipid fatty acid PLFA biomarkers revealed an effect of land abandonment stage on the composition of the soil microbial community Figure 1.
When looking at the relative abundances for individual biomarkers, more than half of all biomarkers showed a marginally significant higher abundance in long-term abandoned soils compared to recently abandoned soils Supplementary Table S1. Principal component analysis PCA of the relative abundance of soil microbial PLFA biomarkers to characterize soil microbial community composition.
TABLE 2. Soil microbial community abundances and ratios based on PLFA biomarkers for each land abandonment stage recent and long-term. One day after the addition of 13 C-labeled litter there was more than a tenfold increase in the total amount of respired CO 2 , which gradually decreased back to the control level over the course of the experiment Table 3.
The absolute and relative amounts of litter-derived CO 2 were not significantly different between the different land abandonment stages, although there were significant interaction effects between land abandonment stage and time. The total amount of mineral N in recently abandoned soils decreased compared to the control treatment until day 7, while the mineral N content for long-term abandoned soils showed an initial increase followed by a similar trend as observed for recently abandoned soils Table 3.
After day 7, the amount of mineral N increased until the end of the incubation experiment Table 3. No significant differences were found in mineral N dynamics between recent and long-term abandoned soils.
TABLE 3. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization parameters for recent and long-term abandoned ex-arable soils during incubation at each respective sampling moment. One day after the addition of 13 C-labeled litter, the total amount of PLFA in both recent and long-term abandoned soils increased from approximately to more than nmol C per gram soil. After day 3, the total amount of PLFA biomass gradually decreased, so that at day 56 the amount of PLFA biomass was still slightly increased compared to the situation without litter addition.
Similar patterns were observed when examining individual PLFA biomarkers, where only a few biomarkers were significantly affected by land abandonment stage during the incubation experiment when testing for PLFA biomass Supplementary Table S2 and the absolute amount of litter-derived PLFA biomass Supplementary Table S3. Dotted lines show the corresponding control PLFA biomass without litter addition.
These analyses reveal a strong time effect during the incubation experiment for all three microbial community properties, whereby only the relative amount of litter-derived PLFA was clearly affected by land-abandonment stage Figure 3C. Principal component analyses of phospholipid fatty acids PLFA biomarkers to characterize soil microbial community structure in ex-arable soils recent abandonment, orange vs.
There were no significant effects of land abandonment stage on the absolute amount of litter-derived PLFA biomass for any of the microbial groups.
TABLE 4. When examining the build-up of litter-derived PLFA biomass in Figure 2 , we found that each microbial group had its own distinct substrate derived 13 C incorporation pattern over time.
Appl Soil Ecol. Initial litter properties and decay rate: a microcosm experiment on Mediterranean species. Can J Bot. Soil ecological interactions: comparison between tropical and subalpine forests. Gonzalez G, Zou X. Earthworm influence on N availability and the growth of Cecropla scheberiana in tropical pasture and forest soils. J Biogeogr. Hattenschwiler S, Jorgensen HB. Carbon quality rather than stoichiometry controls litter decomposition in a tropical rain forest.
J Ecol. Cattle grazing impacts on annual forbs and vegetation composition of mesic grasslands in California. Conserv Biol. Organic matter quality in ecological studies: theory meets experiment. Krishna MP, Mohan M. Litter decomposition in forest ecosystems: a review. Energ Ecol Environ. Regeneration status of a sub-tropical Anogeissus latifolia forest in Garhwal Himalaya, India.
J For Res. How does a tree species influence litter decomposition. Separating the relative contribution of litter quality, litter mixing, and forest door conditions. Can J For Res. Soil functions in a changing world: the role of invertebrate ecosystem engineers.
Eur J Soil Biol. CAS Google Scholar. The forest structure and ecosystem quality in conditions of anthropogenic disturbance along productivity gradient. Liu L. Patterns of litterfall and nutrient return at different altitudes in evergreen hardwood forests of Central Taiwan.
Short and medium term plant litter decomposition in a tropical Ultisol elucidated by physical fraction in a dual 13 C and 14 C isotope study. McCarthy AJ. Lignocellulose-degrading actinomycetes. Microbiol Rev. Respiration and nutrient release from tree leaf mixtures. Meentemeyer V. Macroclimate and lignin control of litter decomposition rates. Relationships between structure of the tree component and environment variables in a subtropical seasonal forest in the upper Uragay River Valley, Brazil.
Acta Bot Bras. Effects of anthropogenic disturbance on plant diversity and community structure of a sacred grove in Meghalaya, north east India. Biodivers Conserv. Olson JS. Energy storage and the balance of production and decomposition in ecological systems. Litter fall and litter decomposition in a montane oak forest of Garhwal Himalaya. Trop Ecol. Contrasting patterns of litterfall seasonality and seasonal changes in litter decomposability in a tropical rainforest region.
Chemistry and toughness predict leaf litter decomposition rates over a wide spectrum of functional types and taxa in Central Argentina. Early stage of single and mixed leaf-litter decomposition in semiarid forest pine-oak: the role of rainfall and microsite. Production and quality of senesced and green litterfall in a pineoak forest in central-northwest Mexico. Prescott CE. Do rates of litter decomposition tell us anything we really need to know?
Studies on the forest ecosystem in Allao Mountains, Yunnan, China. Kumming: Science and Technology Press; Rawat N, Nautiyal MC. Litter production pattern and nutrients discharge from decomposing litter in Himalayan alpine ecosystem.
New York Sci J. Diversity increases carbon storage and tree productivity in Spain forest. Glob Ecol Biogeogr. Sariyildiz T. Effects of gap-size classes on long-term litter decomposition rates of beech, oak and chestnut species at high elevations in Northeast Turkey.
Schaefer M and Schauermann J. The soil fauna of beech forests: Comparison between a mull and a modern soil. Scheer MB. Nutrient flow in rainfall and throughfall in two stretches in an Atlantic Rain Forest in southern Brazil in Portuguese.
Schinner F. Methods in soil biology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; Seta T, Zerihun W. Litterfall dynamics in Boter-Becho forest: moist evergreen montane forests of southwestern Ethiopia. J Ecol Nat Environ. Litter production and leaf litter decomposition of selected tree species in tropical forests at Kodayar in the Western Ghats, India. Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; Impact of litter species diversity on decomposition processes and communities of soil organisms.
Nitrogen and lignin content as predictors of litter decay rates: a microcosm test. Litter production, decomposition and physic-chemical properties of soil in 3 developed agroforestry systems of Meghalaya, Northeast India. Afr J Plant Sci. Environmental factors and traits that drive plant litter decomposition do not determine home-field advantage effects.
Funct Ecol. Vitousek P. Nutrient cycling and nutrient use efficiency. Am Nat. Vitousek P, Sanford RL. Litter decomposition is a highly complex process that involves a number of physical, chemical and biological factors; however, there is little information about the litter decomposition rate and the role of various factors in different ecosystems.
Also it is very difficult to understand the rate of litter degradation as it is influenced by a number of entirely different factors. Researchers are yet to finalise a methodology to detect the rate of litter degradation, which can incorporate all the factors. However, it is significant to study litter degradation in the context of increasing anthropogenic impacts on biogeochemical cycles. This review focuses on various factors that affect the litter degradation and degradation patterns of the various polymers in leaf litter.
It also emphasised and discussed various methods for assessing litter degradation. The review found that there are very few studies on litter degradation and element recycling in various ecosystems. Hence, future research must be centralised on the following subject areas: a development of a methodology for assessing the rate of litter degradation; b litter degradation and climate change; c transport pathways of elements during litter degradation, etc.
Aber JD, Melillo JM Nitrogen immobilization in decaying hardwood leaf litter as a function of initial nitrogen and lignin content. Can J Bot — Article Google Scholar. Aber JD, Melillo JM, McClaugherty CA Predicting long term patterns of mass loss, nitrogen dynamics, and soil organic matter formation from initial fine litter chemistry in temperate forest ecosystems.
Aerts R Climate, leaf litter chemistry and leaf-litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems—a triangular relationship. Oikos — Google Scholar. J Biol Sci 6 4 — Anderson JM Spatio-temporal effects of invertebrates on soil processes. Biol Fert Soils — Anderson JM Soil organisms as engineers: microsite modulation of macroscale processes. Chapter Google Scholar. CAB International, Wallingford. J Ecol — Glob Change Biol — Bartholomew WV, Kirkham D Mathematical description and interpretation of culture induced soil nitrogen changes, vol 2.
Carbon sequestration. Springer, Berlin, p Berg B, Staaf H Leaching accumulation, and release of nitrogen in decomposing forest litter. Processes, ecosystem strategies, and management impacts, Ecol Bull Stockholm Berg B, von Hofsten B, Pettersson G Electron microscopic observations on the degradation of cellulose fibres by Cellvibrio fulvus and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides.
J Appl Bacteriol — Biogeochemistry — Berg B, Meentemeyer V, Johansson MB Litter decomposition in a climatic transects of Norway spruce forests—climate and lignin control of mass-loss rates. Can J For Res — Bezkorovainaya IN The formation of soil invertebrate communities in the Siberian aforestation experiment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp — Binkley D Ten year decomposition in a loblolly pine forest.
Can J For Res 32 12 — Black CA Soil-plant relationships. Ecol Appl 7 4 — Brady N, Weil R The nature and properties of soils. Pearson, Upper Saddle River. Bremer E, van Houtum W, van Kessel C Carbon dioxide evolution from wheat and lentil residues affected by grinding, added nitrogen, and absence of soil. Biol Fertil Soils — Bridge P, Spooner B Soil fungi: diversity and detection.
Plant Soil — For Ecol Manag — CAB International, Wallingford, p Soil Biol Biochem — Chandrasekhara UM Litter decomposition as an ecosystem service. Chapman SK, Koch GW What type of diversity yields synergy during mixed litter decomposition in a natural forest ecosystem?
Academic Press Inc, Cambridge, p Oxford University Press, New York, pp — Cornelissen JHC An experimental comparison of leaf decomposition rates in a wide range of temperate plant species and types. Trends Ecol Evol — Mycologist — Crawford RL Lignin biodegradation and transformation.
Wiley, New York, p Ecology — Cuevas E, Medina E Nutrient dynamics within Amazonian forests: part 1, nutrient flux in fine litter fall and efficiency of nutrient utilization. Oecologia — Fine rootgrowth, nutrient availability and leaf litter decomposition. Appl Environ Microbiol — Pedobiologia 49 6 — Environ Microbiol — In a tropical deciduous forest of Manipur.
North East India. Curr Sci — Dilly O, Munch JC Shifts in physiological capabilities of the microbiota during the decomposition of leaf litter in black alder Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.
Scand J For Res — North Holland Publishing Co, Amsterdam, pp 76— Book Google Scholar. FEMS Microb — Biogeosciences — Fengel D, Wegener G Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. De Gruyter, Berlin, p Protist — Fog K The effect of added nitrogen on the rate of decomposition of organic matter. Biol Rev — Fogel R, Cromack K Effect of habitat and substrate quality on Douglas fir litter decomposition in western Oregon. Frankland JC Mechanisms in fungal succession.
Marcel Dekker, New York, pp — Mycologia — CAB International, Wallingford, pp — Gonzalez G, Seastedt TR Soil fauna and plant litter decomposition in tropical and subalpine forests. Ecology 82 4 — Ecol Monogr — Agr Ecosyst Environ — Gustafson FG Decomposition of the leaves of some forest trees under field conditions. Plant Phys — Soil Sci Soc Am J — Harmon ME, Lajtha K Analysis of detritus and organic horizons for mineral and organic constituents.
Hatakka A Biodegradation of lignin. Wiley, Weinheim, pp — Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst — Hawksworth DL The magnitude of fungal diversity: the 1. Mycol Res — Heath Biology of plant litter decomposition, vol 1.
Academic press, London. Hedin LO Deposition of nutrients and pollutants to ecosystems. Springer, New York, pp — Naturwissenschaften — Highley TL Cellulolytic activity of brown-rot and white-rot fungi on solid media. Holzforschung — Higuchi T Biodegradation mechanism of lignin by white-rot basidiomycetes. J Biotechnol —8. Hobbie SE Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling. Am Nat — Irmler U Litter fall and nitrogen turnover in an Amazonian black water inundation forest.
Jenkinson DS, Bradbury NJ, Coleman K How the Rothamsted classical experiments have been used to develop and test models for the turnover of carbon and soil nitrogen. Long-term experiments in agricultural and ecological studies.
CAB International, Oxon, pp — Johansson MB a Decomposition rates of Scots pine needle litter related to site properties litter quality and climate. Johansson MB b Decomposition rates of Scots pine needle litter related to site properties, litter quality and climate.
Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, New York, p Springer, Berlin, pp — Kirschbaum MUF The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition, and the effect of global warming on soil organic carbon storage. Kirschbaum MUF Will changes in soil organic carbon act as a negative or positive feedback on global warming?
Biogeochemistry 48 1 — Kjoller A, Struwe S Functional groups of microfungi in decomposition. In: The fungal community: its organization and role in the ecosystem, vol 2. Marcel Dekker, pp — Klein C, Dutrow B Manual of mineral science. Pol J Ecol 53 3 — Kucera CL Weathering characteristics of deciduous leaf litter. Ecol —
0コメント