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These multiple polyploid events have only been detected thanks to widespread large-scale whole-genome sequencing since , and comparative genomic analyses continue to reveal the recurrence and extent of WGD during the evolutionary history of plant lineages Fig.
Woodhouse et al. Several of the most important angiosperm groups include a WGD event that is detected soon after the Cretaceous—Tertiary extinction event Fig. One can ask if new polyploids may once again have advantages during the global events including widespread extinction see Parmesan and Hanley, now being detected, including climate change.
Plants have genetic mechanisms to overcome the challenges of polyploidy, in particular co-regulation of multiple, similar or identical copies of genes, and the adoption of vegetative or apomictic reproduction, or restitution of diploid behaviour during chromosome pairing and recombination at meiosis.
Now we can identify the impact of polyploidy, and associated hybridity, on speciation and regulatory mechanisms at the gene expression level, and examine its impact on plant populations, as reported in this Special Issue. We particularly thank Eric Jenczewski for helpful discussions, and Alessandra Contento for the images shown in Fig. We finally thank all our colleagues and collaborators, as well as our students and post-docs for their contribution to our work on polyploidy and interspecific hybridization in plant genome evolution.
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In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. In animals, the occurrence of both polyploids and hybrids has historically been discounted, largely due to the influence of a few high-profile individuals.
Even in plants, although Stebbins spent the early part of his career documenting the widespread importance of polyploidy and noted the ability of polyploid lineages to expand into new environments, he later concluded that polyploids were evolutionary dead ends because selection would not be efficient in duplicated genomes Stebbins, Nevertheless, there has also been much emphasis on the alternative view that polyploidisation and hybridisation can promote diversification and speciation, by creating new combinations of genotypes that could increase the adaptive potential compared to the progenitor species for example, reviewed in Comai, ; Mable et al.
Although genome shock could result in increased regulatory flexibility, it could also destabilise genomes in hybrids of the same ploidy levels homoploid hybrids due to imbalances in gene expression that could cause sterility or mortality. Although the frequency of autopolyploids polyploids arising from whole genome duplication within a single species is increasingly being found to be higher than originally predicted for example, Parisod et al.
Some of the early genomic approaches to assessing the stability of newly created polyploids suggested that hybridisation might induce more substantial genomic rearrangements than genome duplication for example, Hegarty et al. Rapid expansion in genomic technologies provides the exciting potential to examine genome-wide patterns of genetic variation and introgression in relation to gene expression changes under a range of different environmental conditions.
The greatest insights would come from comparing homoploid hybrids, allopolyploids and autopolyploids created from the same parental species, and interpreting patterns with respect to physiological, behavioural and fitness implications under varying environmental selection pressures.
The purpose of this special issue is to increase awareness of the potential role of polyploidy and hybridisation in adaptation and invasiveness by highlighting examples of classic case studies, methodological challenges to extending population genetics and phylogenetic approaches to polyploids and hybrids, experimental approaches to investigating the physiological implications of polyploidy, as well as the latest advances in understanding genomic and transcriptomic dynamics in relation to whole-genome duplication.
The issue starts with a mini review by Andreas Madlung, emphasising the advantages of integrated approaches to understanding both the ecological and genomic consequences of polyploidy and hybridisation. The first research paper summarises a classic case of invasion: the Japanese knotweed genus Fallopia , a complicated complex of hybrids and polyploids that have so far been studied primarily with traditional cytogenetic, molecular and morphological approaches Bailey.
Although it has not been established whether polyploidy, hybridisation or both have increased the potential for invasiveness, the complex has shown repeated patterns of invasion on multiple continents. What is less clear is the long-term potential for adaptation, as the complex expands mostly clonally.
The second example of a recent invasion is in the Mimulus gutatus-luteus complex in the United Kingdom. Vallejo-Marin and Lye investigate distribution patterns of an allohexaploid complex and its parental species, and question how a highly clonal hybrid could be such a successful invader. A challenge in such studies is applying allele-frequency-based population genetics models for example, to analyse microsatellite data designed for diploids, owing to the difficulty of establishing dosage of alleles.
However, they find that the hybrids maintain substantial levels of genetic variation despite clonality and that the tetraploid parental taxon is now rare, suggesting that ongoing origins are not occurring. Distinguishing polymorphisms due to single or repeated hybrid origins from introgression with parental taxa after speciation remains a substantial challenge.
They find no evidence for gene flow among diploids and hexaploids at any spatial scale considered, confirming the species status of the allohexaploids and suggesting that current introgression is limited by strong reproductive barriers.
Although confirmation of hybrid origins can be conclusive when parental taxa are highly diverged from one another, it is more problematic to exclude the possibility of autopolyploidy when parental taxa are closely related. Population genetic models often require assumptions related to whether there is polysomic most often associated with autopolyploidy or disomic inheritance expected to become fixed most rapidly in allopolyploids arising from genetically divergent parents , which can be difficult to establish.
Meirmans and Van Tienderen explore the consequences of falsely assuming full tetrasomic inheritance for interpretation of population genetics divergence patterns. Encouragingly, they find that, whereas this can lead to biases when inheritance is fully disomic, only a small amount of allelic exchange among subgenomes is sufficient to reduce this bias.
Also problematic methodologically is resolving phylogenetic trees in the face of hybridisation and polyploidy. Ferrer et al.
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